The Profile Your Attitude To Investment Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3577 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Are you willing to take any risk with the capital you are investing? If yes, how much risk are you prepared to take? How would you feel, if your investment(s) lost 0-10%, 21-30% or even more in the short, medium of long term? How long do you wish to invest for? Are you going to need to access your investment within a year, or do you have a longer time frame mind i.e. 5 10 years or even longer? Do you have a specific investment goal you need to achieve I.e. school/university fees for your children, holiday of a lifetime etc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Profile Your Attitude To Investment Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order These are questions you need to answer, especially if you have never invested before and/or have no idea where to look for assistance in helping you decide how in what to invest. Before investing any money, you should make it your priority to ensure that you have sufficient funds set aside to protect you (and your family) in the event of an unforeseen emergency, ie redundancy, repairs to your home or car etc. Typically you should have the equivalent of 3 6 months of your total outgoings, including any mortgage/credit commitments, household bills, food, travel/motoring costs etc, set aside in an Easy/Instant Access account with a bank or building society. If this isnt the case, you should make this your priority. What is Attitude to Investment Risk? Before investing any money, be that by way of monthly payments and/or a lump sum(s) it is important that in addition to your current financial situation, you have a clear understanding of your Attitude to Investment Risk as this will have an impact not only the type of investments you should be considering, but also whether your investment timeframe is realistic. There are two ways to think about investment risk: Your capacity or ability to take risk. This is all about your financial circumstances and goals. If you have more wealth (disposable income) and can invest over the medium to long term (5 10 years), you may be more able to accept a higher degree of risk. Your attitude or willingness. This is more of a mental approach. Some people may not be at all comfortable with the thought that their investment can fall in value rather than rise. Others may be prepared to accept a higher degree of risk in exchange for the potential of higher returns. How to determine your individual Attitude to Investment Risk There are various to assess your Attitude to Investment Risk. If you dont feel confident enough to invest your money yourself, Financial Advisers can help you develop your risk profile by completing a detailed Factfind to build up a complete picture of your personal financial situation. The Factfind should also include an Attitude to Investment Risk questionnaire which the advisor will ask you to complete. All of this information will then be used to determine your Attitude to Investment Risk and the Advisor will use this to advise on the most suitable investments for your money. It is important that you ask any prospective Financial Adviser about his/her investment experience and qualifications. At one end of the scale are independent advisers, who should consider all product types in the market. At the other end will be those offering simplified, or basic, advice. Consumers should be aware that these are essentially sales-driven advisers, usually selling just one companys products and often working for a large organisation, such as a bank. Here, advisers wont take a close look at the customers financial circumstances but will just be giving basic advice about a simple product. (Simon, 2012) You can find a Financial Advisor near to you through Unbiased.co.uk. You should also check that an advisor is registered to give investment advice by checking their details on the Financial Services Authority (FSA) Register. Further information about choosing a Financial Advisor and useful information about Savings Investments can also be found on the FSAs MoneyMadeClear website. If you intend to research your investments options yourself, it is just as important that you determine your Attitude to Investment Risk and do so honestly and objectively. You can use an online questionnaire, known as a Risk Profiler to do this. The questionnaire consists of a series of short statements, each of which is followed by a scale where you indicate the extent to which y ou agree or disagree with the statement. In January 2011 the FSA produced a paper on risk suitability. A key point in this FSA report was that assessing suitability is not just about the risk a customer is willing to take but must also take into account the clients capacity for loss and their objectives and circumstances. (Loosemoore,2011) Although the wording of the questions may vary between Risk Profiler Tools, in the main, the questions are based on the Alistair Byrne David Blake Risk Profiling Questionnaire. When using a Risk Profiler tool, it is important to bear in mind that the questions have been designed according to the established principles of psychometrics, that is, the science of measuring individuals attitudes. This means, however, that these questionnaires do miss the personal questions that a financial advisor would ask you during the course of your meeting. Risk Profiler Tools are also unable to take into account any assets and investments that you may already have, so it is important that you take these into account when answering the questions. There are free to use Risk Profiler tools available online from many leading banks financial institutions. Whilst complying with professional standards, many people within the Financial Services industry believe these can be biased direct prospective investors towards the providers own investment funds, which may be overpriced compared to other similar investments available. An independent Risk Profiler tool may prove a more suitable alternative i.e. Fina Metrica, which asks more questions and gives a better, independent assessment of your individual risk profile. However, these come at a cost to the user and as a result many people may decide not to use them. This could, however, be a false economy if they give a more unbiased view than the free of use profiling tools. It is important to remember that if you invest without taking professional advice, you will be responsible f or your decision to buy, so if the investment turns out to be unsuitable for you, you will have fewer grounds for complaint. Definition of Attitude to Investment Risk Once you have answered all the questions, the Risk Profiling tool will indicate the risk profile that matches your Attitude to Investment Risk. Risk Profiles fall into different categories and can vary in number depending on the Risk Profiler tool you have used. The main categories are: Very Cautious (No Risk) Cautious (Low Risk) Balanced (Medium Risk) Adventurous (High Risk) The industry standard descriptions of these Risk categories are as follows: Very Cautious Preserving your capital is the most important factor when you consider your savings. This means that you are more likely to restrict your savings (for growth or income needs) to cash deposits, cash ISAs, interest bearing savings accounts and similar products that also offer ready access to your money and are covered under a depositor protection scheme. You understand the effects of inflation on your capital (and any interest received) and how this can reduce the real value of your money over time. Cautious The opportunity to achieve reasonable returns (for growth or income needs) is important to you but you want to invest in a way that preserves more of your capital if stockmarkets fall. You may have little or no experience in taking investment risks, but accept this may be necessary to achieve returns potentially equivalent to or higher than those available from cash deposits. You understand that this could involve your capital being invested for five years or more with low to medium exposure to stocks and shares and other more riskier investments. You understand that the value of any investments you make will fluctuate and you might get back less (or more) than you invested (at maturity or earlier). Balanced The opportunity to achieve attractive returns (for growth or income needs) is very important to you but you also want to invest in a way that does not expose all of your capital to more riskier investments. You have some experience in taking investment risks and accept this is necessary to achieve potential returns much higher than those available from cash deposits. You understand that this could involve your capital being invested for five years or more with medium to medium high exposure to stocks and shares and other more riskier investments. You understand that the value of any investments you make will fluctuate and you might get back less (or more) than you invested (at maturity or earlier). Adventurous You are an experienced investor and are prepared to take on very high levels of investment risk that offer the potential to achieve exceptional returns. This opportunity to achieve exceptional returns (for growth or income needs) is a key priority for you even in circumstances where it might pose a significant risk to some or all of your underlying capital. You understand that a high-risk investment could involve your capital being invested for five years or more with maximum (up to 100%) exposure to stocks and shares and other more riskier investments. You understand that the value of any investments you make will fluctuate and you might get back much less (or much more) than you invested (at maturity or earlier). It is important that once the Risk Profiler has confirmed your Attitude to Investment Risk category, you are honest with yourself about your own emotional willingness and financial position to accept risk and review how this is reflected in the summary of your rel evant Risk category. In some cases it may be approriate to selecting an alternative Risk category. A good way to test your own emotional willingness to handle risk, would be to initially invest with small amounts of money on a monthly basis and increase the overall amount of money you invest based on the returns you achieve and your appetite for handling greater risk. If you feel uncomfortable accepting any amount of risk, then investing might not be suitable for you Investment Options Asset Classes Having ensured that you have a sufficient level of emergency fund set aside, decided on the amount you wish to invest, the timeframe for that investment and confirmed your Attitude to Investment Risk, where and how do you invest and which asset classes should you invest in? It is important that you understand the different types of asset classes, the level of risk for each class and how to spread your investment across the asset classes to create a investment portfolio that matches your Attitude to Investment Risk. There are a number different asset classes to invest in, each of which come with different risks. The four main asset classes are: Cash (low risk), Bonds (low medium risk), Property (medium risk) and Stocks Shares (medium high risk). These can also be sub-divided into further specific categories, ie Commodities, Hedge Funds etc. Cash Is perceived as the least risky of the asset classes, but tends to deliver low returns. However, dont think that that there arent any risks with cash investments for example the spending power of your money might fall if inflation is higher than the interest rate you receive. This is known as inflation risk. Examples of Cash or Cash equivalent investments are: Cash ISAs, National Savings Investments (NSI), fixed notice savings, fixed term investment bonds and high interest savings. In the 2012/13 tax year, the Cash ISA allowance is  £5,640 and you can top up your Cash ISA account on an annual basis every tax year. All gains you make from the interest youre paid are free of income and capital gains tax. NSI is a government backed service for savings and investments, offering a range of products and designed to help people save money. As its run by the government, it means that 100% of your savings are fully protected, which is much better than the  £85,000 that the UK s Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) provides if your bank goes bust. NSI offers a range of investment products such as premium bonds and simple cash accounts, childrens savings products. They also sell inflation-linked savings certificates. NSI dont provide market-leading interest rates, on their products as a rule, but if your risk profile is Cautious then this gives the safety youre looking for with your cash and this type of investment could be a good option. Bond Investments Examples of Bond investments are: Gilts (government bonds) or Corporate Bonds. When you invest in a Bond, you are lending money to a government or a company in return for a fixed interest rate for a set period of time after which your money is repaid to you. To get the extra reward that these investments can offer, you have to be prepared to accept the risk you could make a loss. However, although Fixed interest investments are are perceived to be the next risk up from cash, they should be less risky than equities. A normal UK government bond (or gilt) could look like this Treasury stock, 6%, 2018. This shows the following: the issuer This is the department that issues the gilt (Treasury) the coupon This is the rate of interest to be paid (6%) the redemption date This is when the loan is to be repaid (2018) Corporate bonds are issued by companies these that are looking to raise capital. This type of investment is seen as riskier than government bonds as a rule, as companies have a higher risk of default on debt than governments. Corporate Bonds may offer investors a higher rate of interest for taking on this risk. You may also wish to consider purchasing Bonds from governments or companies around the world. However, bearing in mind the financial difficulties that governments within the Eurozone and companies worldwide have experienced in recent times you need to be aware that investing your inheritance or hard earned cash in this way can be a higher risk and should check that investing this way still matches your Attitude to Investment Risk profile. Property Investment in property can consist of a residential Buy To Let property that you own rent out and/or commercial property. The three categories of commercial property are: Retail property this includes retail warehouses, supermarkets, shopping centres and shops on the high street. Office property purpose-built for businesses. Industrial property like warehouses and industrial estates Investing in Buy To Let or commercial property can deliver returns through rental income and capital growth from the possible any increase to the value of the property. However, Buy To Let commercial properties can stand vacant for long periods of time, resulting in a loss of rental income and the property crash of 2007/08 saw investors lose money, illustrating that investing in property does have risk. Furthermore, investing in property on your own can be expensive and property funds may be more suitable, whereby your funds are managed along with those of other investors by a property fund manager. However, when innvesting in property you should be aware that you may not be able to encash your investment whenever you choose because the land and buildings may not always be easy to sell and during periods when they are not readily saleable the provider may refuse or defer the re-purchase of your units. Stocks Shares (Equities) Is the final asset class and considered the most risky. This is mainly because stock markets around the world can be highly unpredictable as the volatility of the past few years has proved. Investing in UK equities is considered a lower risk than say US equities, while emerging markets are considered the most volatile (such as India, China or Brazil). These markets and the equities within them are viewed as the highest risk as you are investing in less well-known companies and thorough research should be undertaken before considering any investment in this area. The profit from shares comes in two ways, either in dividends and/or capital growth. Dividends Companies distribute their profits by dividend payments to shareholders. These payments are usually paid out twice a year. Dividends are more likely to be paid by longer established larger companies the dividend pay-out will be dependent on how profitable the company is. Smaller companies tend to reinvest their profits to help grow their business so are less likely to pay out a dividend. If a smaller company does manage to successfully expand, the value of your shares could grow and start paying dividends at a later date. Capital growth If you sell your shares for more than what you paid for them, this provides you with capital growth i.e. an increase on your initial investment. The price of your shares can go down as well as up and they are affected by internal and external factors. There are two basic types of shares issued by companies that you can purchase: Ordinary shares If you purchase ordinary shares, you become a part-owner of the company. Ordinary shares are voting shares, this means you also get a say on matters relating to the company, this could include voting on directors fees or agreeing on a takeover. You are also entitled to a share of the companies profits once it has met all of its other financial obligations. These are known as dividend, but the payment of dividends are not guaranteed and are made at the companys discretion. There are no guarantees with ordinary shares which is a risk so you may not get any share of the profits and, youre the last in line to be repaid your capital if the company goes out of business. Preference shares There are no voting rights for these shares. However, as the name suggests, preference shareholders usually receive a share of the profits before ordinary shareholders, this is usually limited as defined by the issuing company. In addition to this, preference shareholders get paid before ordinary shareholders should the company goes out of business. Preference shares still have risks to your capital investment but not quite so big a risk as ordinary shares but payments are usually less. Tax on shares Income from dividends is paid after 10% tax has already deducted, even if you choose to reinvest it or have the dividend paid in shares or cash. Basic-rate taxpayers have no further tax to pay. But if you pay no tax personally, this tax is still deducted and cannot be claimed back. Higher-rate taxpayers have to pay 32.5% of the gross dividend, either by self-assessment or by completing a tax return. Highest rate taxpayers pay an extra 42.5%. Taxation on selling your shares Currently you are allowed to make a Capital Gain of  £10,600 (2012/13 CGT allowance) before tax is payable. Creating an Investment Portfolio to match your Attitude to Investment Risk The principle of risk and return is that the higher the level of risk you are willing to take, the higher the potential return could be. However the reverse side of this principle is that if you take a higher level of risk, the potential for loss also increases. It is therefore important that when investing your money, you ensure that you spread your investment across all four asset classes to minimise the risk and maximise the potential returns. This is known as diversification and your attitude to investment risk will dictate the percentage split of your overall investment into each of the 4 asset classes. You also need to bear in mind how much of your money you would be prepared to lose when determining how much to invest in each asset class. As the saying goes: Dont put all your eggs into one basket. In addition to the aforementioned points, it is also important to decide whether you are investing for Growth or Income or a combination of the two, as this will also impa ct on how you diversify your portfolio as you can see from the following charts. An example of a Balanced (Medium Risk) Income Portfolio could look like this: Asset Class Percentage Split Cash 5.00% Government Bonds/Gilts 12.00% Corporate Bonds 20.00% UK Equity 61.00% Overseas Equity 2.00% Property 0.00% As a pie chart, the asset allocation would look like this: Whereas a Balanced (Medium Risk) Growth Portfolio may look like this: Asset Class Percentage Split Cash 5.00% Government Bonds/Gilts 5.00% Corporate Bonds 10.00% UK Equity 47.50% Overseas Equity 25.00% Property 7.50% The corresponding pie chart would look like this: Investing money is a complicated process and not for the faint hearted. Determining your Attitude to Investment Risk from the outset should enable you to ascertain whether or not investing on the whole is the right way forward for you and your inheritance/hard earned savings. It is important that you review your attitude to risk on a regular basis and particularly if your personal circumstances change. That long term investment goal may have to become a medium or even short term goal and it is important that your investment portfolios are rebalanced on an ongoing basis match your Attitude to Investment Risk on an ongoing basis.

The United Nations An International Organization

The United Nations is an international governmental organization established to promote international co-operation and is considered a vital force for peace and human development. It thrives to bring together governments and humanitarian agencies, and share responsibilities among them to efficiently tackle humanitarian disasters (OsmaÅ„czyk 2004). People consider UN to be highly credible and unbiased in their approach in tackling issues. UN has also maintained high levels of ethical and moral values from its inception. All this reputation of UN would be severely hit, if it tries to suppress the critics of the governments and attempts to conceal the truth. But on the other hand, the UN is made up of all these governments. Hurting them could lead the governments to destabilize the UN and undermine the power of UN. I am going to consider the Utilitarian framework to evaluate if I need to suppress the posts critical of the governments and ensure UN continues to perform its good work with its powers intact, or reveal the truth that could destabilizes the UN. The reason behind choosing the Utilitarian framework is that, it carefully weighs the cost and benefit of an action and helps determine the choice, which is for a greater good (Ess 2009). Also, the framework aligns with UN’s motive of taking decisions which offers greater good for the people. First, I am going to weigh the consequences of publishing news feeds criticizing the governments. Generally during humanitarianShow MoreRelatedThe United Nations : An International Organization1286 Words   |  6 PagesHalebic The United Nations, World Government, Usless Discussion Club or Something Else? Even though, the original thought for the United Nations was to be a guarantee for the World’s peace, their role in today’s world seems to have changed. It is hard to believe that their founders had today’s United Nations on mind when discussed their creation sixty years ago. â€Å"The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, internationalRead MoreInternational Organizations And The United Nations1462 Words   |  6 PagesInternational organizations create agreements by considering all member states and giving each member state a voice. Constitutional order has three main parts: it has to be binding, it has to be a shared agreement, and there are constrains on every member. Contemporary international organizations reflect a constitutional order because the agreements they make are mutual and followed by all members. The United Nations is a global organization that works to help governments solve problems by findingRead MoreThe United Nations : An International Organization1539 Words   |  7 Pagesthousand years. The United Nations is an international organization to help the globe to eventually obtain a security council to further the assistance and to help states in hard times as well as individuals whose rights have been violated. Not only this but the United Nations has several structures that benefits states, but throughout the years the United Nations has done much to none for the future of the United Nations and thus its future is at stake. Therefore, the United Nations was created to maintainRead MoreThe United Nations Is An International Organization1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe United Nations is an international organization whose main objective is to preserve world peace by resolving conflict through diplomacy. President Franklin Roosevelt is credited with writing the first draft of the â€Å"Declaration of the United Nations†, which was published shortly after the attacks on Pearl Harbor of 1941. At the time of release, the allies saw it as a document to solidify the American and European association against the axis powers. Later, â€Å"Declaration of the United Nations†Read MoreUnited Nations : An International Organization1858 Words   |  8 PagesUNITED NATIONS DESCRIPTION: The United Nations is an international organization established to promote intercontinental support. Therefore, the main role of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to promote respect for human rights and to coordinate aid in disaster situations and to provide help on global issues such as drug trafficking and the environment. STRUCTURE: The UN today has 192 Member States who express their opinionsRead MoreThe United Nations : An International Organization1597 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945.It has 193 Member States so far. The United Nations’ mission is contained in its founding Charter. Every member states of the united nations is a member of the General Assembly. Stats are admitted to membership in the UN by a decision of the General Assembly based on the recommendation of the Security Council. The General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the InternationalRead MoreInternational Organizations And The Humanitarian Efforts Of The United Nations2063 Words   |  9 Pages International organizations have continually been praised for their contributions in less developing countries. One of the main assumptions about international organizations is that they have a large influence on developments and advancements made within developing countries. International organizations do in fact have a large impact on the developing world, but it is hard to pinpoint how much they have contributed and continue to contribute in the field of development globally. This paper willRead MoreThe United Nations : International Organization That Would Maintain Peace And Security2054 Words   |  9 PagesMcKayla Monthei Section A06 Jasmine Brooks November 4, 2014 The United Nations During 1945, after the Second World War, 51 countries committed to maintaining an international organization that would maintain peace and security. This organization became known as the United Nations. The United Nations’ work reaches every corner of the world to help achieve better living standards and human rights (â€Å"UN at a Glance†). Although the United Nations has not fully completed their work, they have made some improvementsRead MoreThe United Nations Is An International Organization Created After World War II1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe United Nations is an international organization created after World War II. The United Nations was created with the purpose of preventing another world war; the Allies created the organization after defeating the Axis powers: Germany, Japan and Italy. The U.N established a Security Council that consisted of the war’s winners, including the United States, Great Britain, France, China and Russia. Since the war, ther e has not been a major conflict between the world powers. In addition, the qualityRead MoreThe United Nations Stabilization Mission Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesThe term â€Å"United Nations† was, according to the UN’s official website, coined by United States president Franklin Roosevelt in the context of the fact that the nations were united against the Axis forces in World War Two. In 1945, the United Nations officially started with fifty-one states as its members. Since then, the United Nations has grown greatly to nearly 200 state members. The United Nations has several specific purposes that it tries to fulfill. First, its primary goal is to maintain

Liver Cancer Free Essays

l Liver cancer  or  hepatic cancer  (from the  Greek  hepar, meaning liver) is a  cancer  that originates in the  liver. Liver cancers are malignant tumors that grow on the surface or inside the liver. Liver tumors are discovered on medical imaging equipment (often by accident) or present themselves symptomatically as an abdominal mass,  abdominal pain,  jaundice, nausea or liver dysfunction. We will write a custom essay sample on Liver Cancer or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1]  Liver cancers should not be confused with livermetastases, which are cancers that originate from organs elsewhere in the body and migrate to the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factorsHepatocellular carcinoma accounts for most liver cancers. This type of cancer occurs more often in men than women. It is usually seen in people age 50 or older. However, the age varies in different parts of the world. The disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in North or South America and Europe. Hepatocellular carcinoma is not the same as  metastatic liver cancer, which starts in another organ (such as the breast or colon) and spreads to the liver. In most cases, the cause of liver cancer is usually scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Cirrhosis may be caused by: Alcohol abuse (the most common cause in the United States) Autoimmune diseases  of the liver Hepatitis B  or  C  virus infection Inflammation of the liver that is long-term (chronic) Iron overload in the body (hemochromatosis) Patients with hepatitis B or C are at risk for liver cancer, even if they have not developed cirrhosis Symptoms Abdominal pain  or tenderness, especially in the upper-right part Easy bruising or bleeding Enlarged abdomen Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice) Signs and testsPhysical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver. Tests include: Abdominal CT scan Abdominal ultrasound Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (liver function tests) Liver  MRI Serum alpha fetoprotein Some high-risk patients may get regular blood tests and ultrasounds to see whether tumors are developing TreatmentAggressive surgery or a liver transplant can successfully treat small or slow-growing tumors if they are diagnosed early. However, few patients are diagnosed early. Chemotherapy delivered straight into the liver with a catheter can help, but it will not cure the disease. Radiation treatments in the area of the cancer may also be helpful. However, many patients have liver cirrhosis or other liver diseases that make these treatments more difficult. Sorafenib tosylate (Nexavar), an oral medicine that blocks tumor growth, is now approved for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Expectations (prognosis)The usual outcome is poor, because only 10 – 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery. If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually fatal within 3 – 6 months. However, survival can vary, and occasionally people will survive much longer than 6 months Complications Gastrointestinal bleeding Liver failure Spread (metastasis) of the cancer PreventionPreventing and treating viral hepatitis may help reduce your risk. Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of liver cancer in the future. Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Certain patients may benefit from screening for hemochromatosis. If you have chronic hepatitis or known cirrhosis, periodic screening with liver ultrasound or measurement of blood alpha fetoprotein levels may help detect this cancer early. Biasanya pesakit kanser hanya menyedari dia mengidap kanser bila penyakitnya sudah pada peringkat 4. Dan, selalunya keadaan ini dianggap sudah terlalu lewat. Sebenarnya. dari peringkat awal kanser menyerang tubuh kita, tanda-tanda penyakit ini sudah ada tetapi kita sering mengandaikan yang tanda-tanda itu sebagai ‘Tidak apa-apa’, cuma sakit biasa sahaja. Kita pun mengambil langkah ‘bijak’ kita sendiri iaitu menelan panadol atau membeli ubat di farmasi. Adakah anda pernah membuat pemeriksaan tahunan seperti ujian colonoscopies atau ujian PSA? Tentu ramai yang menggelengkan kepala. Tidak mengapa kerana meskipun penting, setakat membuat ujian seperti itu belum tentu dapat melindungi anda daripada kanser. Anda tentu tidak mahu menyertai barisan pesakit kanser yang terlambat menyedari, bukan? Jadi, perhatikan perkara-perkara berikut. Mungkinkah ia merupakan penggera awal, notis pemberitahuan bahawa sel-sel kanser sedang mula bertapak dalam tubuh anda? How to cite Liver Cancer, Essay examples Liver Cancer Free Essays l Liver cancer  or  hepatic cancer  (from the  Greek  hepar, meaning liver) is a  cancer  that originates in the  liver. Liver cancers are malignant tumors that grow on the surface or inside the liver. Liver tumors are discovered on medical imaging equipment (often by accident) or present themselves symptomatically as an abdominal mass,  abdominal pain,  jaundice, nausea or liver dysfunction. We will write a custom essay sample on Liver Cancer or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1]  Liver cancers should not be confused with livermetastases, which are cancers that originate from organs elsewhere in the body and migrate to the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factorsHepatocellular carcinoma accounts for most liver cancers. This type of cancer occurs more often in men than women. It is usually seen in people age 50 or older. However, the age varies in different parts of the world. The disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in North or South America and Europe. Hepatocellular carcinoma is not the same as  metastatic liver cancer, which starts in another organ (such as the breast or colon) and spreads to the liver. In most cases, the cause of liver cancer is usually scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Cirrhosis may be caused by: Alcohol abuse (the most common cause in the United States) Autoimmune diseases  of the liver Hepatitis B  or  C  virus infection Inflammation of the liver that is long-term (chronic) Iron overload in the body (hemochromatosis) Patients with hepatitis B or C are at risk for liver cancer, even if they have not developed cirrhosis Symptoms Abdominal pain  or tenderness, especially in the upper-right part Easy bruising or bleeding Enlarged abdomen Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice) Signs and testsPhysical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver. Tests include: Abdominal CT scan Abdominal ultrasound Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (liver function tests) Liver  MRI Serum alpha fetoprotein Some high-risk patients may get regular blood tests and ultrasounds to see whether tumors are developing TreatmentAggressive surgery or a liver transplant can successfully treat small or slow-growing tumors if they are diagnosed early. However, few patients are diagnosed early. Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/dying-of-breast-cancer-in-the-1800s/embed/#?secret=4PCL3uLWOe" data-secret="4PCL3uLWOe" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Chemotherapy delivered straight into the liver with a catheter can help, but it will not cure the disease. Radiation treatments in the area of the cancer may also be helpful. However, many patients have liver cirrhosis or other liver diseases that make these treatments more difficult. Sorafenib tosylate (Nexavar), an oral medicine that blocks tumor growth, is now approved for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Expectations (prognosis)The usual outcome is poor, because only 10 – 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery. If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually fatal within 3 – 6 months. However, survival can vary, and occasionally people will survive much longer than 6 months Complications Gastrointestinal bleeding Liver failure Spread (metastasis) of the cancer PreventionPreventing and treating viral hepatitis may help reduce your risk. Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of liver cancer in the future. Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Certain patients may benefit from screening for hemochromatosis. If you have chronic hepatitis or known cirrhosis, periodic screening with liver ultrasound or measurement of blood alpha fetoprotein levels may help detect this cancer early. Biasanya pesakit kanser hanya menyedari dia mengidap kanser bila penyakitnya sudah pada peringkat 4. Dan, selalunya keadaan ini dianggap sudah terlalu lewat. Sebenarnya. dari peringkat awal kanser menyerang tubuh kita, tanda-tanda penyakit ini sudah ada tetapi kita sering mengandaikan yang tanda-tanda itu sebagai ‘Tidak apa-apa’, cuma sakit biasa sahaja. Kita pun mengambil langkah ‘bijak’ kita sendiri iaitu menelan panadol atau membeli ubat di farmasi. Adakah anda pernah membuat pemeriksaan tahunan seperti ujian colonoscopies atau ujian PSA? Tentu ramai yang menggelengkan kepala. Tidak mengapa kerana meskipun penting, setakat membuat ujian seperti itu belum tentu dapat melindungi anda daripada kanser. Anda tentu tidak mahu menyertai barisan pesakit kanser yang terlambat menyedari, bukan? Jadi, perhatikan perkara-perkara berikut. Mungkinkah ia merupakan penggera awal, notis pemberitahuan bahawa sel-sel kanser sedang mula bertapak dalam tubuh anda? How to cite Liver Cancer, Papers

My Parent Child Observation At A Restaurant Essay Example For Students

My Parent Child Observation At A Restaurant Essay I did my parent-child observation at a restaurant in Batesville Indiana. I went to a small family owned place called Wagner’s. I did my observation over Thanksgiving break after my family cut our Christmas tree down. This occurred on Saturday November 28th around 6pm. This is a place that I am relatively familiar with. I have been going there with my family every year since I was a young child. It is a pretty small restaurant. While one side has a bar, the other side is more family oriented. It is a child friendly place that has a small area that toddlers and young kids can play. It has coloring books and small toys. The parents I was observing were both white. The mother appeared to be in her early thirties. She had long brown hair and was about average height. She was wearing jeans and a sweater with boots. She seemed like a generally happy person. She smiled and laughed a lot. She appeared to be very invested in and attentive to her child. She gave her reinforcements and regularly repeated things that her daughter would say. The father was most likely in his mid thirties. He had short brown hair. He was also tall. He was wearing jeans and a sweatshirt with gym shoes. He also seemed pretty happy but he was not at into what his daughter was saying and doing. He would respond if she directly asked him something or said â€Å"dad,† but he did not go out of his way to communicate with her. Their daughter was a toddler most likely around the age of three. She had brown curly hair. She was wearing pink polka dot leggings with a black long sleeve shirt with sparkles on it. She was also wearing little boots. She seemed to be pretty content with being at the restaurant but she did have one short tantrum, which is pretty typical for her age. . .r can be difficult, because they are many times not willing to cooperate and will make a scene to get her way. Even through the little girl made a scene at the restaurant, her parents did not cave and stuck to what they said. This is something I feel is hard for parents to do, especially when in a restaurant with other families watching. One way that I would apply the information I learned from this observation to my real life would be to not be so judgmental of parents when their children throw tantrums in the restaurant. They are likely doing everything they can do to stop that tantrum and it is likely even more frustrating for them than it is for me. In addition, I learned that sometimes it is important to let children do what they want, but sometimes parents need to take a stand and say no. It is important to stay consistent once the parent has made a decision.